Pharmacy & Pharmacology Free guide

Controlled Substances: DEA Schedules, Records, Inventory and Disposal

Pharmacy and Pharmacology (D1 E, G; K10) 15 min read, 3,360 words Last verified

What the technician must know about controlled drugs: the five DEA schedules with veterinary examples, ordering on Form 222, logs, the biennial inventory, theft and loss reports, storage and disposal.

Introduction

Controlled substances are drugs that federal law regulates because they can be abused or diverted. Diversion means a drug leaves its legal path, for example when it is stolen or used by staff. Opioids, ketamine, benzodiazepines, phenobarbital and euthanasia solutions are all controlled, and a busy practice handles them every day. The veterinarian holds the DEA registration, but the technician usually orders, receives, draws up, logs, counts and helps dispose of these drugs. One sloppy entry can put the registration, the practice and your credential at risk.

This guide covers the five federal schedules with veterinary examples, registration, ordering with DEA Form 222, records and logs, the biennial inventory, theft and loss reports, storage and disposal. It ends with what to do when the count does not match the log.

Key facts

  • There are five schedules. Schedule I drugs have no accepted medical use; Schedules II to V have an accepted medical use and fall in abuse potential from II down to V.2
  • Hydrocodone combination products moved from Schedule III to Schedule II on October 6, 2014. Tramadol became Schedule IV on August 18, 2014.78
  • Schedule I and II drugs are ordered only on DEA Form 222 or its electronic equivalent (CSOS). Schedule III to V drugs need no official order form.214
  • Every controlled drug, Schedules II to V, must be stored in a securely locked, substantially constructed cabinet.9
  • The biennial inventory covers all controlled substances on hand, at least every two years. Opened Schedule II containers need an exact count; Schedule III to V may be estimated unless the container holds more than 1,000 tablets or capsules.12
  • Controlled substance records and inventories are kept for at least 2 years.11
  • Theft or significant loss: written notice to the DEA Field Division Office within one business day of discovery, then DEA Form 106 within 45 days.10
  • Schedule II prescriptions can never be refilled. Schedule III and IV prescriptions may be refilled up to five times within six months.2

How the VTNE tests this

  • Maintain controlled drug inventory, related logbooks and medical records (Domain 1 Task E).1
  • Store, handle and safely dispose of pharmacological agents (Domain 1 Task G), and know the legal requirements for acquiring, storing, dispensing, documenting and disposing of them (K10).1
  • Classify: name the schedule of a common veterinary drug, or pick the drug that belongs in a given schedule.
  • Match the form to the job: Form 222 for ordering, Form 106 for theft or loss, Form 41 for destruction, Form 224 for registration.
  • Choose the next step in a scenario: a count that does not match, a broken vial, expired stock, or a client who brings back leftover tablets. Pharmacy and Pharmacology carries 20 of the 150 scored items (13%).1

Core concepts

The five schedules

The Controlled Substances Act places drugs in five schedules. Schedule I drugs have a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in the United States and no accepted safety under medical supervision, so they cannot be prescribed, administered or dispensed. Examples are heroin, LSD and marijuana.2 Schedule II drugs also have a high abuse potential, but they have an accepted medical use. Abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.2 Schedule III drugs have less abuse potential than I or II, and abuse may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence. Schedule IV is lower again, and Schedule V is lowest. Schedule V consists mainly of preparations with limited amounts of certain narcotics.2

A schedule is a legal category, not a measure of how strong a drug is clinically. Butorphanol is an opioid, yet it is Schedule IV; the Schedule II opiate listing excludes it by name.35 The same molecule can also sit in two schedules. Pentobarbital alone is Schedule II, but a product that combines pentobarbital with another active ingredient not listed in any schedule is Schedule III.34 That is why Euthasol (pentobarbital with phenytoin) carries a CIII label.26

Table 1. Federal schedules with veterinary examples
ScheduleAbuse potential and useVeterinary examplesHow it is orderedFederal refill rule
I (CI)High; no accepted medical useNone in practice (heroin, LSD, marijuana)Form 222 or CSOS, research onlyCannot be prescribed
II (CII)High; accepted use; severe dependenceMorphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, methadone, fentanyl, hydrocodone (including combination products), single-ingredient pentobarbitalDEA Form 222 or CSOSNo refills
III (CIII)Less than II; moderate or low physical, high psychological dependenceKetamine, tiletamine-zolazepam (Telazol), buprenorphine (Simbadol), pentobarbital combination products (Euthasol), anabolic steroids such as testosterone, boldenone and stanozololPurchase order; keep invoice and receiving recordUp to 5 refills within 6 months
IV (CIV)Low relative to IIIButorphanol, diazepam, midazolam, lorazepam, phenobarbital, alfaxalone, tramadolPurchase order; keep invoice and receiving recordUp to 5 refills within 6 months
V (CV)Low relative to IV; limited narcotic preparationsCodeine cough preparations (up to 200 mg per 100 mL), low-dose diphenoxylate with atropine, pregabalin, lacosamidePurchase order; keep invoice and receiving recordNo federal limit; must be for a medical purpose

Sources: DEA Practitioner's Manual; 21 CFR 1308.12 to 1308.15; 2014 DEA final rules on hydrocodone and tramadol; DailyMed labels for Telazol, Simbadol, Euthasol, Alfaxan and Torbugesic.23456782223242526

Registration

Any practitioner who handles Schedule II to V drugs must register with the DEA, and a state license is needed first.2 A separate registration is needed for each location where controlled substances are stored, administered or dispensed. New registrations use DEA Form 224, and renewals use Form 224a every three years, online.2 The Veterinary Medicine Mobility Act of 2014 added a further exception to the separate-registration rule for veterinarians.2 A DEA registration depends on the state veterinary license. In two recent cases the DEA refused or revoked a veterinarian's registration after a state board suspended the license.20

Technicians do not hold their own registration. An agent or employee of a registrant who acts in the usual course of employment is exempt from registering, and works under the registrant's authority.19 Federal rules also bar a registrant from giving controlled substance access to anyone convicted of a felony involving controlled substances.10

The closed system of records

DEA records follow each drug from manufacturer to patient. Practitioners must keep complete and accurate records, on a current basis, of every controlled substance received, stored, dispensed or disposed of.2 Schedule I and II inventories and records are kept separate from all other records. Schedule III to V records are kept either separately or in a form that is readily retrievable from ordinary business records.11 Every inventory and record is kept for at least 2 years and must be available for DEA inspection.11

For each dispensing, the record must show the drug and its finished form, the number of units or volume dispensed, the name and address of the person it was dispensed to, the date, and the name or initials of the person who dispensed or administered it.13 Medical record rules apply to the log too. Never erase or obliterate an entry. Draw a single line through a mistake, then write "error", your name, the reason and the date.32

Table 2. Federal forms and records a technician handles
Form or recordUsed forKey rules
DEA Form 224 / 224aPractitioner registration and renewalOne registration per location; renew every 3 years online
DEA Form 222 (or CSOS)Ordering Schedule I and II drugsOne item per numbered line; one supplier per form; valid 60 days; altered forms cannot be filled; purchaser keeps a copy 2 years, separate from other records
Invoice and receiving recordOrdering Schedule III to V drugsRecord date received, drug, finished form, units per container and number of containers
Dispensing and administration logEvery dose given or sent homeDrug and form, amount, name and address of recipient, date, initials of the person who gave it
Initial and biennial inventoryPhysical count of all controlled stockEvery 2 years at most; note opening or close of business; exact count for CII; estimate for CIII to V unless the container holds more than 1,000 tablets or capsules
DEA Form 41Recording destructionPractice lists drugs on Form 41 for disposal other than by reverse distributor; reverse distributor completes it when it destroys them
DEA Form 106Theft or significant lossFiled online within 45 days, after written notice within 1 business day
Power of attorneyLets a named person sign Form 222Signed by the registrant, the person granted it and two witnesses; filed with executed Forms 222, not sent to DEA

Sources: DEA Practitioner's Manual; 21 CFR 1301.76, 1304.04, 1304.11, 1304.22, 1305.12 and 1305.13.2101112131530

Life cycle of a controlled drug in a practice, from registration to disposal 1. Register DEA Form 224; renew every 3 years; one registration per location 2. Order CII: Form 222 or CSOS CIII to CV: purchase order, invoice 3. Receive Record date, drug, form, units; CII: note containers on 222 copy 4. Store Securely locked, substantially constructed cabinet (CII to CV) 5. Use and log Date, recipient, amount, initials, balance; record any waste 6. Count Biennial inventory of all schedules; exact count for opened CII 7. Dispose Reverse distributor, or on-site with 2 witnesses; Form 41 Theft or significant loss at any step: Written notice to DEA within 1 business day Form 106 within 45 days Keep every record at least 2 years
Figure 1. The life of a controlled drug in a practice. Every step leaves a record, and each record is kept for at least 2 years. Theft or significant loss at any step triggers the DEA report on the right.

Procedure or technique

Ordering and receiving a Schedule II drug

  1. Confirm who may sign. Form 222 is signed by the registrant or by someone the registrant has given a power of attorney.230
  2. Fill in the form with a typewriter, printer or pen. Enter one item per numbered line, list only one supplier, and note how many lines you completed.30
  3. Check the form before it goes. A supplier must not fill a form with any alteration or erasure, and a defective form cannot be corrected. It must be replaced with a new one.2
  4. Make a copy for the practice, paper or electronic, then send the original to the supplier.15
  5. When the order arrives, record on your copy the number of containers received for each item and the date received.15 File the copy with the other Schedule II records.

For Schedule III to V drugs, record the date received, the drug name, its finished form, the units in each container and the number of containers.2

Giving a dose and logging it

  1. Check the written order: patient, drug, dose and route.
  2. Remove the vial or tablets from the locked cabinet and lock it again straight away.
  3. Draw up the dose and record it at once: date, patient, owner name and address, drug and strength, amount, your initials and the new balance.13 Late documentation is a recognized red flag for diversion.21
  4. Waste any leftover drug in the syringe and record it. DEA requires practitioners to record the destruction of wastage, the drug left in a vial, syringe or patch after a dose.2 Wastage does not go in a client collection receptacle.2 If your practice requires a witness, have a second person watch and co-sign. This mirrors the two-employee rule for on-site destruction of stock.17
  5. Check that the remaining volume in the vial matches the new balance.
Sample controlled substance log page with fictional entries showing doses, waste, running balance and initials Buprenorphine 1.8 mg/mL (CIII), opened vial Fictional entries for teaching Date 10/02 10/02 10/03 10/03 Patient / owner Carried forward Milo / J. Rivera, 12 Oak St Pepper / L. Chen, 4 Elm Rd End-of-day count: 7.8 mL Given mL 0.4 0.3 Waste mL 0.1 0 Balance mL 8.6 8.1 7.8 7.8 By AB AB CD AB Witness CD CD Row 2: 0.4 mL given + 0.1 mL wasted = 0.5 mL out; 8.6 - 0.5 = 8.1 mL Waste and counts carry a second set of initials
Figure 2. A sample log page with fictional entries. Each line shows who received the drug, how much was given and wasted, the running balance and the initials of the people involved. The count line confirms the vial holds what the log says.

Taking the biennial inventory

  1. Pick a date within two years of the last inventory, and note whether you count at the opening or the close of business.12
  2. Include every controlled substance on hand, Schedules II to V, including expired stock waiting for disposal.12
  3. For each item, record the name, finished form (such as 10 mg tablet), units per container and number of containers.2
  4. Opened Schedule II containers: exact count or measure. Opened Schedule III to V containers: an estimate is allowed, unless the container holds more than 1,000 tablets or capsules.12
  5. Keep it at the registered location for at least 2 years. DEA recommends, but does not require, that the people who took the inventory sign it.2

A new practice takes an initial inventory on the day it first handles controlled substances. If it has none, it records a zero inventory.2

Disposing of stock

A practice may dispose of out-of-date or unwanted stock in four ways. It can destroy it promptly on site. It can deliver it to a reverse distributor, a DEA registrant that receives drugs for destruction. It can return it to the supplier or manufacturer, or ask the local DEA Special Agent in Charge for help using Form 41.16 A reverse distributor is the usual choice. For Schedule II drugs, the reverse distributor issues a Form 222 to the practice. For Schedule III to V, the practice records the date, manner of disposal, the recipient's name, address and registration number, and the quantity.2 Any destruction must leave the drug non-retrievable.18 On-site destruction needs two employees to handle the drug and witness the destruction.17 Until it leaves the building, expired stock stays in the locked cabinet and on the inventory.912

Flowchart: the count does not match the log

Use this when a physical count and the log balance disagree. The technician's job is to stop, recheck, document and report. Reporting to DEA is the registrant's duty.

Decision tree for a controlled substance count that does not match the log Count does not match the log Stop. Do not change the balance. Recount with a second person. Question: is there a documentation error? Math slip, missed entry, waste not logged, dose charted in the record but not the log Yes Correct the log: single line through it, "error", reason, date, your name No Report now to the veterinarian who holds the DEA registration Question: theft, or a significant loss? Amount, which drug, a pattern, one person's access. If unsure, treat it as yes. Yes Registrant: written notice to DEA within 1 business day; Form 106 within 45 days. DEA also advises police, state No Minor discrepancy: document it internally; no Form 106; tighten controls. A repeat pattern counts as significant. Witnessed breakage is not a loss: record it, 2 witnesses sign.
Figure 3. Decision tree for a count that does not match the log. Look for a documentation error first. If there is none, report to the veterinarian, who decides whether the loss is significant. DEA guidance: when in doubt, report.

DEA lists factors for judging whether a loss is significant: the amount lost for the type of practice, which drug it is, whether the loss links to particular people or activities, a pattern of losses over time, and how likely the drug is to be diverted.10 Form 106 is not for "balancing the books". Minor discrepancies that are not due to theft are not reported. If the practice is unsure, it files the form. A continuing pattern of small losses is always treated as significant.2 DEA also advises notifying local law enforcement and state regulatory agencies, although federal rules do not require it.2 If investigation later shows no theft or loss occurred, Form 106 is not needed, but DEA advises writing to explain why.2 A breakage or spill that someone witnessed is not a loss, because the drug is accounted for. If the drug cannot be recovered, record what happened in the inventory records and have the two people who saw it sign.2

Species differences

The rules are the same for every species. What changes is the product, its label and its record.

  • Cats: Simbadol (buprenorphine 1.8 mg/mL) is a CIII product labelled for subcutaneous use in cats. It comes in a 10 mL multidose vial. Its label gives two in-use limits for a broached vial: discard after 28 days in one section, and use within 56 days of first puncture in the storage section. Date the vial when you first puncture it and follow the practice's policy.22 Alfaxan Multidose (CIV) is labelled for cats and dogs, and the vial is discarded 56 days after first puncture.24 Record the discarded volume so the log balance closes at zero.
  • Dogs: Telazol (CIII) is labelled for dogs and cats.23 Euthasol (CIII) is labelled for canine euthanasia only.26
  • Horses: Torbugesic (butorphanol, CIV) is labelled for colic pain in adult horses and yearlings.25 Ambulatory practices must still keep stock locked and logged.
  • Food animals: Euthasol must not be used in animals intended for food, and its label warns that birds and mammals that feed on treated carcasses may be killed. Carcass disposal is part of the job.26
  • Zoo and wildlife: the ultra-potent opioids etorphine, carfentanil and thiafentanil, and the reversal agent diprenorphine, must be stored in a safe or steel cabinet equal to a U.S. Government Class V security container.9

Calculation

Worked example: running balance with waste (cat, buprenorphine). A Simbadol vial (1.8 mg/mL) shows a log balance of 8.6 mL.22 You draw up 0.5 mL, give the cat 0.4 mL and waste 0.1 mL with a witness.

  1. Volume removed from the vial: 0.4 mL given + 0.1 mL wasted = 0.5 mL.
  2. New balance: 8.6 mL - 0.5 mL = 8.1 mL. Write 8.1 mL in the balance column.
  3. Dose in mg for the medical record: 0.4 mL x 1.8 mg/mL = 0.72 mg (mL cancels).
  4. Waste in mg: 0.1 mL x 1.8 mg/mL = 0.18 mg.

Check: if the vial holds about 8.1 mL, the count matches. If the log said 8.6 mL after the dose, someone forgot to subtract the waste. That is a documentation error, so fix it with a dated, initialled correction, not a new number written over the old one.

  • Label warning. A Schedule II, III or IV drug dispensed to a patient must carry: "Caution: Federal law prohibits the transfer of this drug to any person other than the patient for whom it was prescribed."31
  • State law can be stricter. California requires Schedule II inventories at least every three months. Alabama, North Dakota and Georgia list propofol as Schedule IV. Gabapentin is Schedule V in Alabama, Kentucky, North Dakota, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia. Florida lists xylazine as Schedule I, and several other states schedule it too.20 Some states let technicians administer but not dispense controlled drugs.20 Always follow the stricter rule.
  • Diversion. Red flags include rising discrepancies, missing overfill or tampered vials, waste errors, patients still in pain after adequate doses, late documentation and drugs removed without an order.21 Report suspected diversion to the veterinarian or practice manager. DEA's stated position, written in the rules for non-practitioner registrants such as distributors, is that an employee who knows a coworker is diverting drugs should report it, and the employer must keep that employee's identity confidential.29
  • Client returns. Only DEA-authorized collectors and law enforcement may collect controlled drugs from clients for disposal.33 Veterinarians are not eligible to register as collectors, so the practice does not take them back.2 Direct clients to a drug take-back site or prepaid mail-back envelope. If neither is available, check the FDA Flush List.28
  • Fentanyl patches. Used patches still contain enough drug to harm children and pets. A client who removes a patch at home should fold it in half, sticky sides together, and flush it. Never put it in household trash, where children or pets can find it.27

Common mistakes and exam traps

  • Hydrocodone combination products are Schedule II, not III. The change took effect in October 2014.7
  • The biennial inventory covers all schedules, not only Schedule II. Only the counting method differs: exact for II, estimated for III to V unless the container holds more than 1,000 tablets or capsules.12
  • Form 222 orders. Form 41 records destruction. Form 106 reports theft or significant loss. Form 224 registers. Do not mix them up.2
  • Form 106 is not used to balance minor discrepancies, and a witnessed breakage is not a loss.2
  • "Locked" is not enough. The cabinet must be securely locked and substantially constructed, and the rule applies to Schedules II to V.9
  • Two years is the federal minimum for records. Check state rules too, because they can be stricter than federal rules.1120

Quick review

  1. Schedule I: no accepted medical use. Schedules II to V: accepted use, with abuse potential falling from II to V.
  2. CII: morphine, hydromorphone, methadone, fentanyl, hydrocodone, pentobarbital alone.
  3. CIII: ketamine, tiletamine-zolazepam, buprenorphine, pentobarbital combinations, anabolic steroids.
  4. CIV: butorphanol, benzodiazepines, phenobarbital, alfaxalone, tramadol.
  5. Each practice location needs its own DEA registration, renewed every 3 years.
  6. Form 222 or CSOS for Schedule I and II orders; invoices for III to V.
  7. Store Schedules II to V in a securely locked, substantially constructed cabinet.
  8. Log date, recipient's name and address, drug and form, amount and initials for every dose.
  9. Biennial inventory: all schedules; exact count for opened CII containers.
  10. Keep all records at least 2 years; CII records separate.
  11. Theft or significant loss: notify DEA in writing within 1 business day, Form 106 within 45 days.
  12. Disposal by reverse distributor or witnessed on-site destruction to a non-retrievable state.

Test yourself

5 questions written for this guide. Pick an answer, then check it.

Question 1At the end of a shift, a technician and a coworker recount the hydromorphone and recheck every log entry, waste record and anesthesia sheet. 2 mL is still unaccounted for. What should the technician do next?

Show answer

Answer: B. Report it now to the veterinarian who holds the practice's DEA registration

Once the recount and record check find no documentation error, the loss must go to the registrant at once. The registrant judges whether it is a theft or significant loss and, if so, gives DEA written notice within one business day and files Form 106 within 45 days. A: writing the balance to match the count hides the loss; Form 106 and the log are not for balancing the books. C: Form 41 records destruction, not missing drug. D: waiting up to two years would miss the one-business-day deadline.

Source 21 CFR 1301.76 Other security controls for practitioners, Code of Federal Regulations

Question 2A buprenorphine vial (1.8 mg/mL) shows a log balance of 6.0 mL. The veterinarian orders 0.36 mg for a cat, and nothing is wasted. What volume do you draw up, and what is the new log balance?

Show answer

Answer: C. 0.2 mL drawn up; new balance 5.8 mL

Volume = dose / concentration = 0.36 mg / 1.8 mg/mL = 0.2 mL (mg cancels). New balance = 6.0 mL - 0.2 mL = 5.8 mL. A treats the mg dose as mL. B divides the concentration by the dose (1.8 / 0.36 = 5). D is ten times the correct volume.

Source SIMBADOL (buprenorphine) injection label, DailyMed

Question 3A practice is restocking. Which of these drugs can be ordered only on DEA Form 222 or through CSOS?

Show answer

Answer: C. A hydrocodone combination antitussive

Form 222 or its electronic equivalent is required for Schedule I and II drugs. Hydrocodone combination products moved from Schedule III to Schedule II on October 6, 2014. A: ketamine is Schedule III. B: butorphanol is Schedule IV. D: midazolam is Schedule IV. Schedule III to V drugs need no official order form.

Source Rescheduling of Hydrocodone Combination Products From Schedule III to Schedule II, Drug Enforcement Administration

Question 4A reverse distributor collects a box of expired ketamine (Schedule III) from the clinic. Which record must the clinic keep for this disposal?

Show answer

Answer: D. Date, method, recipient's name, address and DEA number, and quantity

For Schedule III to V drugs sent to a reverse distributor, the practice records the date and manner of disposal, the name, address and registration number of the recipient, and the quantity, and keeps it 2 years. A: a Form 222 is used only for Schedule I and II transfers, and the reverse distributor issues it to the practice. B: Form 106 is for theft or significant loss. C: the practice must keep its own disposal records.

Source DEA Practitioner's Manual: Disposal of Controlled Substances, Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division

Question 5A client brings in leftover tramadol tablets from her dog's prescription and asks the front desk to dispose of them. The practice is not a DEA-authorized collector. What is the best response?

Show answer

Answer: A. Explain the practice cannot take them and point her to a take-back site

Only DEA-authorized collectors and law enforcement may collect controlled substances from clients (ultimate users) for disposal, and veterinarians are not eligible to register as collectors. FDA advises a drug take-back location or a prepaid mail-back envelope first. B and C: the practice may not accept them at all, so restocking or destroying them is not an option. D: trash disposal is a later fallback in FDA advice, after take-back, mail-back and the Flush List.

Source 21 CFR 1317.30 Authorization to collect from non-registrants, Code of Federal Regulations

0 of 5 answered

Practise this topic

Two questions from our VTNE practice bank on this topic.

Question 1A practice is taking its biennial DEA inventory. For opened containers, how does the count required for Schedule II substances differ from the count required for Schedule III through V substances?

Show answer

Answer: B. II exact; III to V estimated unless over 1,000 tablets or capsules

Under 21 CFR 1304.11, a dispenser counting an opened commercial container of a Schedule I or II substance must make an exact count or measure. For Schedules III, IV and V, an estimated count or measure is enough. The exception is a container holding more than 1,000 tablets or capsules, which must be counted exactly. So large bottles of tablets get an exact count even in the lower schedules.

The answer that allows estimation only above 1,000 tablets reverses the rule. Large containers are exactly the ones that need an exact count. Requiring exact counts for every schedule is stricter than the federal rule, which allows estimates for most opened Schedule III through V containers. Schedule II is never estimated in an opened container, so the answer that lets Schedule II be estimated has the rule backward.

Source 21 CFR 1304.11 Inventory requirements, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School
Practitioner's Manual, 2023 Edition, US Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division

Practise all 13 questions on this topic Free account. Or try the free practice quiz.

Figure credits

  • Figure 1 Original diagram, VTNE Exam Prep
  • Figure 2 Original diagram, VTNE Exam Prep
  • Figure 3 Original diagram, VTNE Exam Prep

References

  1. AAVSB. 2023 Veterinary Technician National Examination Content Outline. aavsb.org (accessed 2026-10-30) aavsb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/AAVSB-2023-Veterinary-Technician-National-Examination-Content-Outline-2.pdf
  2. Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division. Practitioner's Manual, 2023 edition (EO-DEA226). deadiversion.usdoj.gov (accessed 2026-10-30) deadiversion.usdoj.gov/GDP/(DEA-DC-071)(EO-DEA226)_Practitioner's_Manual_(final).pdf
  3. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 1308.12: Schedule II. Legal Information Institute, law.cornell.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/1308.12
  4. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 1308.13: Schedule III. Legal Information Institute, law.cornell.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/1308.13
  5. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 1308.14: Schedule IV. Legal Information Institute, law.cornell.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/1308.14
  6. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 1308.15: Schedule V. Legal Information Institute, law.cornell.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/1308.15
  7. Drug Enforcement Administration. Schedules of Controlled Substances: Rescheduling of Hydrocodone Combination Products From Schedule III to Schedule II. Final rule. Fed Regist. 2014;79(163). govinfo.gov (accessed 2026-10-30) govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2014-08-22/html/2014-19922.htm
  8. Drug Enforcement Administration. Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of Tramadol Into Schedule IV. Final rule. Fed Regist. 2014;79(127). govinfo.gov (accessed 2026-10-30) govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2014-07-02/html/2014-15548.htm
  9. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 1301.75: Physical security controls for practitioners. Legal Information Institute, law.cornell.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/1301.75
  10. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 1301.76: Other security controls for practitioners. Legal Information Institute, law.cornell.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/1301.76
  11. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 1304.04: Maintenance of records and inventories. Legal Information Institute, law.cornell.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/1304.04
  12. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 1304.11: Inventory requirements. Legal Information Institute, law.cornell.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/1304.11
  13. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 1304.22: Records for manufacturers, distributors, dispensers, researchers, importers, exporters, registrants that are authorized to dispose. Legal Information Institute, law.cornell.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/1304.22
  14. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 1305.03: Distributions requiring a Form 222 or a digitally signed electronic order. Legal Information Institute, law.cornell.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/1305.03
  15. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 1305.13: Procedure for filling DEA Forms 222. Legal Information Institute, law.cornell.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/1305.13
  16. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 1317.05: Registrant disposal. Legal Information Institute, law.cornell.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/1317.05
  17. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 1317.95: Destruction procedures. Legal Information Institute, law.cornell.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/1317.95
  18. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 1317.90: Methods of destruction. Legal Information Institute, law.cornell.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/1317.90
  19. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 1301.22: Exemption of agents and employees; affiliated practitioners. Legal Information Institute, law.cornell.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/1301.22
  20. Detweiler K. Understanding the State of State Drug Rules. Today's Veterinary Business. December 2025/January 2026. todaysveterinarybusiness.com (accessed 2026-10-30) todaysveterinarybusiness.com/controlled-substances-lets-talk-drugs-1225/
  21. White E. Pharmacist's Corner: Prevent Abuse, Diversion of Controlled Substances. University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine. June 5, 2025. vetmed.illinois.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) vetmed.illinois.edu/2025/06/05/pharmacists-corner-prevent-abuse-diversion-of-controlled-substances/
  22. DailyMed. SIMBADOL (buprenorphine) injection, Zoetis Inc. Label. dailymed.nlm.nih.gov (accessed 2026-10-30) dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3395bb4d-e032-4c16-81cf-d8f364033bb8
  23. DailyMed. TELAZOL (tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride) injection, Zoetis Inc. Label. dailymed.nlm.nih.gov (accessed 2026-10-30) dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3ef51363-2236-40aa-bf32-601c9f1c722a
  24. DailyMed. ALFAXAN MULTIDOSE (alfaxalone) injection, Zoetis Inc. Label. dailymed.nlm.nih.gov (accessed 2026-10-30) dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=f412f5c3-5ba8-43c2-8920-510f34e67f53
  25. DailyMed. TORBUGESIC (butorphanol tartrate) solution, Zoetis Inc. Label. dailymed.nlm.nih.gov (accessed 2026-10-30) dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=f05b503c-135a-4884-9c89-53f14946f3e0
  26. DailyMed. EUTHASOL (pentobarbital sodium and phenytoin sodium) solution, Virbac AH, Inc. Label. dailymed.nlm.nih.gov (accessed 2026-10-30) dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c885b1d9-db06-47fb-bdb0-4015e06ce08b
  27. US Food and Drug Administration. Accidental Exposures to Fentanyl Patches Continue to Be Deadly to Children. Consumer Update. fda.gov (accessed 2026-10-30) fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/fentanyl-patch-can-be-deadly-children
  28. US Food and Drug Administration. Disposal of Unused Medicines: What You Should Know. fda.gov (accessed 2026-10-30) fda.gov/drugs/safe-disposal-medicines/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know
  29. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 1301.91: Employee responsibility to report drug diversion. Legal Information Institute, law.cornell.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/1301.91
  30. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 1305.12: Procedure for executing DEA Forms 222. Legal Information Institute, law.cornell.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/1305.12
  31. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 290.5: Drugs; statement of required warning. Legal Information Institute, law.cornell.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/290.5
  32. Purdue Online Writing Lab. Writing as a Veterinary Technician: Legal Issues of Documentation. owl.purdue.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) owl.purdue.edu/owl/subject_specific_writing/healthcare_writing/writing_as_a_veterinary_technician/legal_issues_of_documentation.html
  33. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 1317.30: Authorization to collect from non-registrants. Legal Information Institute, law.cornell.edu (accessed 2026-10-30) law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/1317.30

Spotted an error? Email support@vtneexam.com and we will check it against the sources.